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[German version] Transmitted in nine MSS from the period 1269/70 to the beginning of the 17th cent. are seven letters of Socrates [2] and 20 of the Socratics in various arrangements, some complete, some in selections (epist. 1-27, numbering according to Köhler [5]), and in addition six letters from and to Speusippus (epist. 28; 30-34), a letter from Plato to the Ma…

[German version] from the Greek μαιευτική ( maieutikḗ, sc. téchnē), ‘midwifery. In Plato's dialogue Theaetetus (148e-151d) Socrates compares his ability to recognize whether or not hidden wisdom lies dormant in others, and to help them if necessary to bring it to light, with the craft of his mother, the midwife ( maía) Phaenarete, and of midwives in general, to recognize pregnancies and to help deliver the baby. It is contested whether o…

[German version] (Χαιρεφών; Chairephṓn). From the Attic deme of Sphettus; from early youth a passionate follower of  Socrates. In Aristophanes' Clouds, Wasps and Birds C. is lampooned as an especially zealous and ascetic pupil of Socrates. As a committed democrat, he lived in exile during the tyranny of the  Thirty (404-403 BC) (Pl. Ap. 21a). C. was already dead by the time of Socrates' trial (399 BC). Plato (Ap. 20e-21a) and Xenophon (Apol. 14 Xen. Apol. 14) report that C. once asked the oracle at Delphi whether anyo…

[German version] (Φαίδων; Phaídon) from Elis, b. 418/416 BC, date of death unknown. Title character of the Platonic dialogue Phaídōn. P. is believed to have been taken prisoner when the city of Elis was conquered, sold as a slave to Athens and forced to work in a brothel. After meeting Socrates, the philosopher apparently had one of his pupils buy P.'s freedom, and from then on P. devoted himself to philosophy (Diog. Laert. 2,31; 2,105 …

[German version] (Βρύσων; Brýsōn). Son of the mythographer  Herodorus from Heraclea Pontica, of the  Megarian school (his connection with  Euclides unclear), teacher of  Pyrrhon; born  c. 400 BC, died after 340 BC. B. advocated the thesis that nobody uses distasteful -- i.e. vulgar or indecent -- expressions; if one and the same thing c…

[German version] (Σωφρονίσκος; Sōphronískos). Husband of Phaenarete with whom he fathered Socrates [2] the philosopher, stone cutter by trade. In Plato's Laches (180e), Lysimachus [1] praises S. as his true late friend with whom he had never quarreled. Nothing more is known about S. Socrates named one of his three sons after his father, as was customary. Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

(Κυρηναϊκοί; Kyrēnaïkoí). [German version] A. History The term Cyrenaics ─ derived from the home town Cyrene of Socrates' pupil  Aristippus [3] ─ is used to describe those philosophers who subscribed to the tradition founded by the latter. A list of C. can be found in Diog. Laert. 2,86. Whenever ancient texts refer globally to Aristippus and the C., the topic is almost invariably that they considered  pleasure ( hēdonḗ) the supreme good ( summum bonum) and highest aim ( …

[German version] (Ἀννίκερις; Anníkeris) of Cyrene, one of the  Cyrenaics, whose life spanned the decades before and after 300 BC. A. introduced modifications to the original Cyrenaic theory of pleasure (presumably following his analysis of Epicurus). Because of these modifications, many ancient …

[German version] (Ἀνχίπυλος; Anchípylos) of Elis. He was a student of  Phaedo of Elis, together with  Moschus. A. himself was the teacher of  Asclepiades of Phleious and of  Menedemus of Eretria. According to ancient hearsay, A. and Moschus subsisted on figs and water alone for their entire lives (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Ath. 2,44c). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III D.

Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) [German version] A. The Middle Ages (CT) The reception of Cynicism in the Middle Ages and in modern times is, with few exceptions, simply the reception of Diogenes. The most important source for the knowledge of Diogenes in the Middle Ages was the brief description given of Diogenes' lifestyle by the Church Father Jerome in his work Adversus Jovinianum (2, 14). Jerome summarizes what makes Diogenes into a model for him in the statement that Diogenes was ‘more powerful than King Alexander and a victor over human nature’ ( potentior rege Alexandro et naturae victo…

[German version] The term 'Socratics' refers in a broad sense to all of those who, according to surviving evidence, had a close relationship to Socrates [2] (469-399 BC). In a narrower sense, it is limited to those known to have written philosophical works: Aeschines [1], Antisthenes [1], Aristippus [3], Euclides [2], Phaedo, Plato [1] and Xenophon. Ancient sources tell us a great deal about the personal relationships of these Socratics, both with Socrates and among themselves. Some is evidently b…

[German version] (Πανθοίδης/ Panthoídēs). Dialectician, c. 280 BC, teacher of the Peripatetic Lycon [4], author of a piece On Amphibologies (Diog. Laert. 5,68; 7,193). P. contested the conclusiveness of Diodorus's [4] "Master Argument" (Epict. Dissertationes 2,19,5). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

[German version] (Κέβης; Kébēs) from Thebes. Friend of Socrates (Pl. Crit. 45b; Xen. Mem. 1,2,48; 3,11,17); together with his companion Simmias  Socrates' main interlocutor in Plato's ‘Phaedon’. According to Pl. Phd. 61d-e, before coming to Athens C. met the Pythagorean  Philolaus in Thebes, but was himself not a Pythagorean [1]. In Diog. Laert. 2,125 three dialogues (not extant), with the titles Pínax (‘Painting), Hebdómē (‘The Seventh Day) and Phrýnichos, are attributed to C. The dialogue entitled …

[English version] (Φαιναρέτη). In erster Ehe verheiratet mit Chairedemos und Mutter des Patrokles (Plat. Euthyd. 297e), in zweiter Ehe mit Sophroniskos und Mutter des Sokrates. Bei Plat. Tht. 148e-151d erzählt Sokrates, daß seine Mutter Hebamme sei, und vergleicht sein Tun mit dem ihren. Es ist nicht auszuschließen, daß Platon den Beruf der Ph. um dieses Vergleiches willen erfunden hat und daß dieser dann als vermeintliches Faktum in die Sokrateslegende einfloß. Maieutik Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography A. Raubitschek, s.v. Ph. (2), RE 19, 1562f.

[German version] (Πασιφῶν; Pasiphôn), son of Lucianus, an 'Eretrian' (Elis and Eretria, School of), probably lived in the 1st half of the 3rd cent. BC. One of P.'s dialogues contained comments on Nicias [1] (Plut. Nicias 4,2). According toPersaeus [2] and Favorinus, P. was the true author of works commonly attributed to others (Aeschines [1], Antisthenes [1], Diogenes [14] of Sinope) (Diog. Laert. 2,61; 6,73). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

[German version] (Κλεινόμαχος; Kleinómachos) of Thurii, student of  Euclides [2] of Megara,  Megarian School. According to Diog. Laert. 2,112, C. was the first to write ‘on statements and predicates and such matters’ (περὶ ἀξιωμάτων καὶ κατηγορημάτων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων). This comment hints at contributions to the development of dialectics that are greater than we can presently perceive. In any case, after C. some ancient historians of philosophy called the Megarian School the  ‘Dialectics’ (Diog. Lae…

[German version] (Φαιναρέτη; Phainarétē). Mother of Patrocles from her first marriage, to Chaeredemus (Pl. Euthyd. 297e) and of Socrates from her second marriage, to Sophroniscus. In Pl. Tht. 148e-151d, Socrates explains that his mother was a midwife, and he equates his deeds with hers. It is not impossible that Plato invented the profession of P. for the sake of this metaphor, after which it became included as a 'fact' into the Socrates legend. Maieutic method Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography A. Raubitschek, s.v. P. (2), RE 19, 1562f.

[German version] (Ἀλεξῖνος; Alexînos) of Elis: a philosopher of the  Megarian school, who lived in the decades around 300 BC, A. first taught in his hometown of Elis, then in Olympia. In his treatise ‘On Education’ (Περὶ ἀγωγῆς; Perì agōgês), A. adopted a mediating position in the dispute between philosophers and rhetoricians concerning which of them played the primary role in education: one can learn a certain degree of skill of argument from rhetoricians, but these arguments are based on experience, probability and assumption, rath…

[German version] (Μεγαρικοί; Megarikoí). This word designates those philosophers belonging to the tradition of Socrates' pupil Euclides [2], whose home town was Megara. How much they had in common, beyond being pupils of Euclides, is hard to say. It seems there was neither an institutional organisation connecting them, nor a fixed place of teaching. Only Euclides and Stilpo are known to have lived in Megara. Other members of the School lived and worked in other places, at least temporarily ( Eubuli…

[German version] (Στίλπων/ Stílpōn) from Megara (Megarian School); second half of the 4th and first third of the 3rd cent. BC. Since the information about his teachers is confusing, it remains unclear how S. fits into the sequence of Megarians. His character is repeatedly praised in the surviving sources. Emphasis is placed on his simple unaffected nature and his open confident manner in dealings with others; numerous anecdotes document his ready wit and his superior sense of humour. His skill at d…

[German version] (Παραιβάτης/ Paraibátēs). Cyrenaic who lived towards the end of the 4th cent. BC. Teacher of Anniceris, Hegesias [1] and Menedemus [5] of Eretria who is said to later have despised him (Diog. Laert. 2,86; 2,134). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg)

(Μυρτώ). [English version] [1] Tochter des Menoitios Tochter des Menoitios [1] aus dem lokrischen Opus, Schwester des Patroklos, von Herakles [1] Mutter der Eukleia (Plut. Aristeides 331e). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [English version] [2] angebliche Frau des Sokrates Wirkliche oder vermeintliche Tochter, Enkelin oder Urenkelin (die Quellen variieren) Aristeides' [1] des Gerechten. Eine auf Aristoteles' Schrift ‘Über edle Herkunft zurückgehende Trad. besagt (Περὶ εὐγενείας fr. 3 Ross, fr. 71,1-2 Gigon; SSR I B 7), Sokrates habe M. vor, na…

(Ἡγησίας). [English version] [1] Kyrenaïker, um 300 v. Chr. Kyrenaïker, lebte in den Jahrzehnten vor und nach 300 v.Chr. Wegen der Modifikationen, die er (vermutlich in Auseinandersetzung mit Epikuros) an der urspr. kyrenaïschen Lustlehre vornahm, ließen manche ant. Philosophiehistoriker mit ihm eine neue Phase in der Gesch. der Kyrenaïker beginnen. H. schätzte die Aussicht, daß es einem gelinge, sich Lust zu verschaffen und Schmerz zu meiden, erheblich pessimistischer ein als die u…

[English version] [1] Gattin und Schwester des Phaiakenkönigs Alkinoos (Ἀρήτη). Gattin und Schwester des Phaiakenkönigs Alkinoos (Hes. fr. 222). Ihr Wohlwollen kam Odysseus (Hom. Od. 7) wie Iason und Medeia zugute: Sie vermittelte zw. Argonauten und Kolchern (Apoll. Rhod. 4,1068-1120), vermählte Iason und Medeia (Apollod. 1,138 f.) und gab dem Paar zwölf Dienerinnen, die bei der Hochzeitsfeier die Helden scherzhaft neckten; ein Aition im Kult des Apollon Aigletes [1]. Graf, Fritz (Princeton) Bibliography U. Hölscher, Das Schweigen der A., in: Hermes 88, 1960, 257-265  O. Touche…

(Χαρμίδης). [English version] [1] Sohn des Glaukon, 5. Jh. v.Chr. Sohn des Glaukon, aus altadliger athenischer Familie, Bruder der Periktione, der Mutter Platons, und Vetter des Kritias. Ch. gehörte dem von den “Dreißig” eingesetzten Gremium der “Zehn” an, das während der Gewaltherrschaft der “Dreißig” (Triakonta; 404-403 v.Chr.) im Piräus mit nicht näher bekannten Befugnissen amtierte (Plat. ep. 7,324c5. Aristot. Ath. pol. 35,1). 403 kam er in den Kämpfen beim Sturz der “Dreißig” ums Leben (Xen. hell. 2,…

[1] Schüler des Sokrates, um 400 v. Chr. [English version] A. Leben und Werk Sohn eines Atheners gleichen Namens und einer Thrakerin, Schüler des Sokrates,  ca. 445 v. Chr., gest. ca. 365. Einigen Zeugnissen zufolge soll A. zunächst Schüler des Gorgias gewesen sein und auch selbst Rhet. gelehrt haben. Wie [8] gezeigt hat, ist auf diese Zeugnisse jedoch nicht unbedingt Verlaß. Spätestens zu Beginn der 20er Jahre schloß sich A. Sokrates an. Platon nennt ihn unter denen, die beim Tod des Sokrates zugegen waren …

[German version] [1] Wife and sister of the Phaeacian king  Alcinous (Ἀρήτη; Arḗtē). Wife and sister of the Phaeacian king  Alcinous (Hes. fr. 222). Her benevolence helped both Odysseus (Hom. Od. 7) and Jason and Medea: she mediated between the Argonauts and the Colchians (Apoll. Rhod. 4,1068-1120), married Jason to Medea (Apollod. 1,138 f.), and presented the couple with 12 female servants who jokingly teased the heroes during the wedding celebrations; an aition in the cult of Apollo Aigletes [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) Bibliography U. Hölscher, Das Schweigen der Arete, in…

(Τερψίων; Terpsíōn). [German version] [1] Dialogue partner in Plato [1], c. 400 BC From Megara [2]. In the introductory part of Plato's [1] Theaetetus, Euclides [2], coming from the harbour, where he has run into the mortally ill Theaetetus [1], meets up with his friend T. in the city of Megara; in the main part of the dialogue, he uses the notes he was taking to recall for T. a conversation that Socrates [2] once had with the mathematician Theodorus [I 2] from Cyrene and Theaetetus. In Pl. Phd. 59c, T. is named among…

(Χαρμίδης; Charmídēs). [German version] [1] Son of Glaucon, 5th cent. BC Son of Glaucon, from an old Athenian noble family; brother of  Perictione the mother of Plato, and cousin of  Critias. C. was one of the committee of the ‘Ten’ appointed by the ‘Thirty’ and officiating in Piraeus during the despotic rule of the ‘Thirty’ ( Triakonta; 404-403 BC); its powers are not precisely known (Plat. Ep. 7,324c5. Aristot. Ath. Pol. 35,1). He was killed in 403 during the fighting that accompanied the fall of the ‘Th…

(Μυρτώ/ Myrt ṓ). [German version] [1] Daughter of Menoetius Daughter of Menoetius [1] from Opus in Locria; sister of Patroclus, mother by Heracles [1] of  Euclea (Plut. Aristides 331e). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Supposed wife of Socrates Real or putative daughter, granddaughter or great-granddaughter (the sources disagree) of Aristides [1] the Just. A tradition deriving from Aristotle's ‘On Noble Birth (Περὶ εὐγενείας fragment 3 Ross, fragments 71,1-2 Gigon; SSR I B 7) implies that Socrates had M. as a wife before, af…

(Ἀντισθένης; Antisthénēs). [1] Student of Socrates [German version] A. Life and work Son of an Athenian of the same name and of a Thracian, pupil of Socrates,   c. 445 BC, died c. 365. According to some witnesses A. had been initially a pupil of Gorgias and taught rhetoric himself. As [8] has shown, these testimonia are not fully reliable. At the latest at the beginning of the 420s, A. became a follower of Socrates. Plato mentions him among those, who were present at the death of Socrates (Phd. 59b). In the first 10 to 15 yea…

(Ἡγησίας; Hēgēsías). [German version] [1] Cyrenaic, c. 300 BC  Cyrenaic, lived in the decades before and after 300 BC. Due to the modifications that he (presumably in dialogue with  Epicurus) made on the original Cyrenaic doctrine of pleasure, some ancient philosophical historians have a new phase in the history of the Cyrenaics begin with him. H. assessed the view that one could succeed in achieving  pleasure and avoiding pain much more pessimistically than the original Cyrenaics. …

(Ξανθίππη; Xanthíppē). [German version] [1] Daughter of Dorus Daughter of Dorus, with Pleuron parent of Agenor [3], Sterope, Stratonice and Laophonte (Apollod. 1,58). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [2] Mythical feeder of her imprisoned father Mycon Woman who fed her father Mycon in prison with her milk (Hyg. Fab. 254; the same motif with different names: Val. Max. 5,4, ext. 1; Plin. HN 7,121; Fest. 228,28-32; Solin. 1,124f.; Nonn. Dion. 26,101-145). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) [German version] [3] Wife of the philosopher Socrates [2] Wife of the philosopher Socrates [2]; orig…

(Εὐβουλίδης). [English version] [1] E. aus Milet Megariker, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Megariker. Die Lebenszeit des E. (Mitte 4. Jh. v.Chr.) bestimmt sich durch seine heftigen Attacken gegen Aristoteles, von denen in den Quellen mehrfach die Rede ist. Zum Teil handelte es sich dabei um persönliche Verunglimpfungen (Eus. Pr. Ev. 15,2,5), zum Teil um Kritik an bestimmten log. Theoremen des Aristoteles (Eubulides, SSR vol. 4, p.88). Möglicherweise setzte sich umgekehrt auch Aristoteles mit Lehren d…

(Μόσχος). [English version] [1] aus Elis, Schüler des Phaidon M. aus Elis, zusammen mit Anchipylos Schüler (oder Enkelschüler) des Phaidon aus Elis und Lehrer des Asklepiades [3] aus Phleius und des Menedemos [5] aus Eretria. Einer ant. Klatschgesch. zufolge sollen sich M. und Anchipylos ihr Leben lang nur von Wasser und Feigen ernährt haben (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Athen. 2,44c). M. ist vermutlich mit der Person gleichen Namens identisch, nach der ein Dialog Stilpons benannt war (Diog. Laert. 2,120). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III E. [English version] [2] M. aus Lampsak…

(Κρίτων). [English version] [1] Freund des Sokrates Wohlhabender gleichaltriger Freund des Sokrates, wie dieser aus dem Demos Alopeke (Plat. apol. 33d; Plat. Krit. 44b; Xen. mem. 2,9,2; 2,9,4); Gesprächspartner des Sokrates in Platons ‘Kriton und ‘Euthydemos und bei Xen. mem. 2,9,1-3. In Platons ‘Kriton rät K. Sokrates erfolglos zur Flucht aus dem Gefängnis. Der Epikureer Idomeneus behauptete, in Wirklichkeit habe nicht Kriton, sondern Aischines [1] aus Sphettos dies getan (Diog. Laert. 2,60; 3,36). Di…

(Φαῖδρος). [English version] [1] 5. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Pythokles, aus dem att. Demos Myrrhinus, geb. wohl um 450 v.Chr. Beschuldigt, an der Profanierung der eleusinischen Mysteria und der Verstümmelung der Hermen beteiligt gewesen zu sein, begab sich Ph. 415 in die Verbannung, sein Besitz wurde konfisziert (And. 1,15; ML 79,112-115). Spätestens 404 kehrte er nach Athen zurück; danach heiratete er eine Kusine (Lys. 19,15). Gest. vor 393. Teilnehmer der Zusammenkunft in Platons Prōtagóras (315c), Gesprächspartner des Sokrates in Platons Phaídros und erster Redner in dessen Sympósi…

(Κρίτων; Krítōn). [German version] [1] Wealthy friend of Socrates, of the same age Wealthy friend of  Socrates and of the same age, also from the Alopece demos (Pl. Ap. 33d; Pl. Crit. 44b; Xen. Mem. 2,9,2; 2,9,4); discussion partner of Socrates in Plato's ‘Criton’ and ‘Euthydemus’ and in Xen. Mem. 2,9,1-3. In Plato's ‘Criton’ he unsuccessfully advises Socrates to flee his prison. The Epicurean  Idomeneus claimed that not Criton but Aeschines [1] of Sphettus had done this (Diog. Laert. 2,60; 3,36). Diogenes Laërtios (2,121) lists the titles of 17 dialogues composed by C.  Socratics. Dörin…

(Μόσχος; Mόschos). [German version] [1] From Elis, pupil of Phaidon M. from Elis, with Anchipylus a pupil (or pupil of a pupil) of Phaedon of Elis and teacher of Asclepiades [3] of Phleius and Menedemus [5] of Eretria. According to an ancient piece of gossip M. and Anchipylus are supposed to have subsisted only on water and figs their whole lives (Diog. Laert. 2,126; Athen. 2,44c). M. is presumably identical with the homonymous person whose name is the title of a dialogue by Stilpon (Diog. Laert. 2,120). Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) Bibliography SSR III E. [German version] [2] M. from Lampsacus…

(Εὐβουλίδης; Euboulídēs). [German version] [1] E. from Miletus Megarian of the 4th cent. BC Member of the  Megarian school. The time when E. lived (mid 4th cent. BC) is determined by his intense attacks against Aristotle, which are repeatedly mentioned in the sources. In part these are personal attacks (Euseb. Praep. evang. 15,2,5), in part criticism of certain logical theorems by Aristotle (Eubulides, SSR vol. 4, p.88). Possibly, Aristotle may in turn have discussed the teachings of E. There is evidence tha…

[English version] [1] Von Samos Epigrammatiker, um 300 v. Chr. Epigrammdichter des “Kranzes” des Meleagros, der ihn im Proömium mit dem dunklen Pseudonym Σικελίδης (Anth. Pal. 4,1,46; vgl. Hedylos, GA I 1, 101 6, 4; Theokr. 7,40) anspricht, herausragender Vertreter der ion.-alexandrin. Schule, lebte um die Wende vom 4. zum 3.Jh. v.Chr. Von Theokrit wurde A. hochgelobt (7,39-41), von Kallimachos dagegen angefeindet (schol. Flor. Kallim. fr.1,1). Von diesem unterschied ihn u.a. eine diametral entgegengesetzte Bewertung der Lyde des Antimachos (9,63, vgl. Kall. fr.398). A.…

[English version] [1] Tyrann von Argos (Mitte 3. Jh. v. Chr.) Aus Argos, Freund der Antigoniden, gegen den sein Rivale Aristeas 272 v. Chr. Pyrrhos in die Stadt rief (Plut. Pyrrh. 30,2); nach 272/1 wohl Tyrann [1. 396]. Günther, Linda-Marie (München) [English version] [2] Tyrann von Argos (240-234 v. Chr.) Enkel von [1] [1. 711], Sohn des Tyrannen Aristomachos [3], Tyrann 240-235/4; erlag in einem Hinterhalt bei Kleonai den fortgesetzten Anschlägen des Aratos [2] (Plut. Arat. 27-29 [2. 61-63], den A. schon nach einem ersten völkerrechtswidrige…

(Ἀρίστιππος; Arístippos) [German version] [1] Tyrant of Argos (middle of the 3rd cent. BC) From Argus, friend of the Antigonids, against whom his rival Aristeas called  Pyrrhus into the town in 272 BC (Plut. Pyrrh. 30,2); after 272/1 probably the tyrant [1. 396]. Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) [German version] [2] Tyrant of Argos (240-234 BC) Grandson of [1] [1. 711], son of the tyrant  Aristomachus [3], tyrant in 240-235/4; vanquished in an ambush near Cleonae by the repeated attacks of  Aratus [2] (Plut. Arat. 27-29 [2. 61-63], whom A. had sued a…

(Ἀσκληπιάδης; Asklēpiádēs) [German version] [1] of Samos Epigrammatic poet Epigrammatic poet of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager, who addresses him in the preface by the dark pseudonym Σικελίδης (Anth. Pal. 4,1,46; cf. Hedylus, GA I 1, 101 6, 4; Theoc. 7,40); an outstanding representative of the Ionian-Alexandrianschool, he lived around the turn of the 4th/3rd cent. BC. A. was highly praised by Theocritus (7,39-41), but attacked by Callimachus (schol. Flor. Callim. Fr.1,1). From the latter he differed, among other things, through a diametrically opposed appraisal of the Lyde of Antimach…

[German version] I. Greek (Φαῖδρος; Phaîdros). [German version] [I 1] 5th cent. BC Son of Pythocles, from the Attic deme of Myrrhinus, born probably c. 450 BC. Accused of participation in the profanation of the Eleusinian Mysteria and the mutilatation of the herms, P. went into exile in 415 BC. His property was confiscated (And. 1,15; ML 79,112-115). By 404 BC at the latest, he had returned to Athens; he subsequently married a cousin (Lys. 19,15). Died before 393. Participant in the meeting in Plato's Protagoras (315c), interlocutor of Socrates in Plato's Phaedrus and first speaker in his Sy…

[English version] [1] Schüler des Sokrates, gest. nach 376/5 v. Chr. Aus dem att. Demos Sphettos, Sohn des Lysanias, Schüler des Sokrates.  430/420 v. Chr., gest. nach 375/6. A. war beim Prozeß und beim Tod des Sokrates zugegen (Plat. apol. 33e; Phaid. 59b). Er soll, als er sich Sokrates anschloß, arm gewesen sein. In einer Rede des Lysias wurde er als übler Schuldenmacher angeprangert (Athen. 13,611d-612f). Ob die in den Quellen zu lesende Behauptung, A. habe sich als Verf. von Gerichtsreden betätigt und…

(Γλαύκων; Glaúkōn). [German version] [1] Athen. strategós about 440 BC Son of Leagoras, Athenian   stratēgós at Samos in 441-440 BC (Androtion FGrH 324 F 38 with comm.); in 439-438 and 435-434 stratēgós, in 433-432 commander of the fleet sent to Corcyra (Thuc. 1,51; Syll.3 72). Often mentioned on Attic   kalos-inscriptions in 480-450 BC. Traill, PAA 277035. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Critias, father of Plato's mother Perictione Son of  Critias, father of Charmides and of Plato's mother Perictione (Pl. Prt. 315a; Charm. 154ab; Symp. 222b; T…

(Αἰσχίνης; Aischínēs). [German version] [1] Student of Socrates From the Attic deme of Sphettus, son of Lysanias, student of Socrates. Born between 430/420 BC, died after 375/6 BC. A. was present during Socrates' trial and death (Pl. Ap. 33e; Phaed. 59b). A. is said to have been poor when he joined Socrates. In a speech by Lysias, he was accused of being a notorious debtor (Ath. 13,611d-612f). It remains unclear, whether A. indeed composed court speeches and delivered lectures for cash -- as claimed by …

(Γλαύκων). [English version] [1] Athen. strategós um 440 v. Chr. Sohn des Leagoras, athenischer stratēgós bei Samos 441/440 v.Chr. (Androtion FGrH 324 F 38 mit Komm.); 439/8 und 435/4 stratēgós, 433/2 Kommandant der nach Korkyra gesandten Flotte (Thuk. 1,51; Syll.3 72). Auf att. Lieblingsinschriften 480-450 v.Chr. häufig erwähnt. Traill, PAA 277035. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] Sohn des Kritias, Vater von Platons Mutter Periktione Sohn des Kritias, Vater des Charmides und von Platons Mutter Periktione (Plat. Prot. 315a; Charm. 154ab; symp. …

(Εὐκλείδης). [English version] [1] Athenischer Archon im Jahr 403/2 v.Chr. Athenischer Archon im Jahr 403/2 v.Chr. In seinem Amtsjahr machte Athen einen neuen Anfang nach der Oligarchie der Dreißig (siehe etwa And. 1,87-94) und übernahm unter anderem offiziell das Ionische Alphabet (Theop. FGrH 115 F 155). Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) Bibliography Develin 199 LGPN 2, Εὐκλείδης (9). [English version] [2] aus Megara Schüler des Sokrates, 5./4. Jh. v. Chr. Schüler des Sokrates, Begründer der Tradition der Megariker; geb. zwischen 450 und 435, gest. wahrscheinlich zu B…