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[German version] City in Africa Proconsularis at the foot of Djebel Zaghouan. Some 30 neo-Punic stelai attest to the cult of Saturnus/Baal Hamon (Baal). One of these stelai bears a neo-Punic inscription (Répertoire d'épigraphie sémitique II, 598). Neo-Punic graves also indicate the Punic past of the city. In the Roman period a well installation supplied the great Aqueduct of Carthage (cf. CIL VIII 1, 895-905; 2, 10523 f.; Suppl. 1, 12424-12431; AE 1984, 739?). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AATun 050, sheet 35, Nr. 104 M. Leglay, Saturne africain: monuments, vol. 1, 1961, …

(Τρίτων/ Trítōn, Latin Triton). [German version] [1] Sea deity Sea deity with the upper body of a human and the tail of a fish, sometimes also as an ichthyocentaur with the forelegs of a horse (Tzetz. Lycophr. 34; 886), son of Poseidon and Amphitrite (Hes. Theog. 930-933), who stirs up the waters with his conch shell and calms them again (Verg. Aen. 10,209-212; Ov. Met. 1,330-342). Like the related sea gods  Glaucus [1], Halios geron, Nereus, Phorcys [1] and Proteus, T. in particular is a figure of liter…

[German version] Numidian town (Numidae). Storage place of Iugurtha's treasures, which the legatus A. Postumius (cf. Postumius [I 9]), acting as pro-praetor, wanted to seize (Sall. Iug. 37,3; 38,2). S. lay on top of a steep "mountain" and was "surrounded by a muddy plain" (Sall. Iug. 37,4). According to Oros. Hist. 5,15,6, "the royal treasures lay near the town of Calama". However, since S. cannot be identified with Calama, its location remains unknown. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography E. Honigmann, s.v. S., RE 4 A, 989.

[German version] Settlement in Numidia between Lambaesis and Thamugadi, modern Henchir Touchine (CIL VIII 1, 2438 = Suppl. 2, 17941 [ saltus? La] m[ b] afundensium; Tab. Peut. 3,3: Lambafudi; Geogr. Rav. 39,40: Lambafudin). The following designations of origin may be attributable to the episcopal see of L.: Lampuensis ( plebs) (Concilium Carthaginiense anno 411, 1,133,292), Iamfuensis (Not. episcoporum Numidiae 87a), Lamfuensis (Concilium Carthaginiense anno 525; [2. 647]). In Procop. Aed. 6,7,10, a Numidian town newly fortified by Iustinianus is named as Λαμφουαομβά/ Lamphoua…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Commerce | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Καρτέννα[ι], Κάρτιν[ν]α; Karténna[i], Kártin[n]a). Probably a Punic town in the later Mauretania Caesariensis, modern Ténès (sources: Mela 1,31; Plin. HN 5,20; Ptol. 4,2,4; It. Ant. 14,2; Aug. Epist. 93,20-22; Iulius Honorius, Cosmographia 47; Geogr. Rav. 40,46; 88,9). In around 30 BC, C. admitted a colonia of veterans. C. was important as a harbour town, not least as a landing place for the vexillationes, deployed in the battles against the Mauri. Inscriptions: CIL V…

[German version] (Ἀουΐττα; Aouítta). City in Africa proconsularis, on the connecting road running from west to east between Agbia and Pupput; today Henchir Bou Ftis. (Plin. HN 5,30 oppidum Avittense; Ptol. 4,3,31; Tab. Peut. 5,4). The Punic influence is demonstrated by the constitution of the city which had sufetes (CIL VIII 1, 797). A. was a municipium (CIL VIII 1, 799; 800; 1177) from the time of Hadrian (AD 117-138). Inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 796-813; 1177; Suppl. 1, 12265-12284; Suppl. 4, 23875; Inscr. latines de la Tunisie 670-675; AE 1989, 290 no. 893.  Sufetes Huß, Werner (Bamberg) B…

[German version] Town in Mauretania Caesariensis between Sitifis and Cuicul, modern Beni Fouda or Sillègue. Saturnus (27 steles of the 2nd and 3rd cents. AD) was the focus of its cultic life. The genius of N. (CIL VIII Suppl. 3, 20429; 20430), Ceres [1. 403] and Mercury (CIL VIII Suppl. 3, 20431) were also worshipped. Other inscriptions: CIL VIII Suppl. 3, 20431-20483. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 A. Poulle, in: Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine 19, 1878, 402ff. AAA, sheet 16, no. 216  E. Lipiński, s.v. N., DCPP, 315-317.

[German version] (Ζάβη/ Zábē). Moorish region ( chṓra), Mauritanía hē prṓtē ('First Mauretania') as a Byzantine province, beyond the Aurès mountains, probably the area of Chott el-Hodna (in Algeria): Procop. Vand. 2,20,30. Sitifis was the mētrópolis [2] of this region. Not identical with the city of Zabi (It. Ant. 30,3). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography C. Courtois, Les Vandales et l'Afrique, 1955 H. Treidler, s. v. Z., RE 9 A, 2203 f.

[German version] (Coba, Χωβάθ; Chōbáth, Χωβάτ; Chōbát). Town in Mauretania Caesariensis, 50 km east of Saldae; the modern Ziama. (Sources: Ptol. 4,2,9; It. Ant. 18,2; Tab. Peut. 2,5; Geogr. Rav. 40,22). Municipium under Hadrian (AD 117-138) : CIL VIII 2, 8375 [1. 495-497] (additional inscription: CIL VIII 2, 8374-8378; Suppl. 3, 20214). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 L. Leschi, in: BCTH 1946-1949, appeared 1953. J.-P. Laporte, s.v. Choba, EB, 1933-1935.

[German version] City in Numidia near the Mauretanian border, modern Zraia (to the northwest of Batna in Algeria; It. Ant. 35,7; Tab. Peut. 2,3: Zaras). In the time of Hadrian, a cohors was stationed in Z. (CIL VIII 1, 2532 = Suppl. 2, 18042). A customs tariff of the year AD 202 was discovered in Z. (CIL VIII 1, 4508 = Suppl. 2, 18643) which gives important information on questions of economic law and history [1. 7-23]. Inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 2532; 4508-4574; 2, 10765; Suppl. 2, 18042; 18643-18645. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 J. P. Darmon, Note sur le Tarif de Zaraï, in: L…

[German version] Place in Numidia south of Milev-Cuicul line, the modern Azziz-ben-Tellis (It. Ant. 28,4). Two inscriptions tell of a tariff of sacrifices for the cult of African gods (CIL VIII 1, 8246f.); further inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 8243-8266. In the 4th and 5th cents. I. was an episcopal see (Optatus 2,18, p. 53,4; 19, p. 54,14; Notitia episcopatuum Numidiae 16a). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AAAlg, sheet 17, no. 214.

[German version] City in Mauretania Caesariensis, northeast of Portus [5] Magnus on the right bank of the Oued Chelif (Plin. HN 5,19: Q. Cenitana; Ptol. 4,2,3: Κούϊζα κολωνία/ Koúïza kolōnía;  It. Ant. 13,9: Q. municipium), modern El-Benian. Duumviri are attested for AD 128 (CIL VIII 2, 9697); there is also mention of a disp( unctor) reip( ublicae) Q( uizensium) ('comptroller of the city of Q.', CIL VIII 2, 9699). Inscriptions: CIL VIII 2, 9697-9703; suppl. 3, 21514 f. Significant ruins survive. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AAAlg, leaf 11, no. 2  P. Cadenat, Q. et Mina ..., in:…

[German version] (Ἄββα; Ábba, varia lectio Obba, Liv. 30,7,10). Town in   Africa proconsularis .  Syphax retreated to A. in 203 BC, after his encampment near  Utica had been burned down by C.  Laelius and  Massinissa (Pol. 14,6,12; 7,5). A.'s location most likely corresponds to either the modern Henchir Bou Djaoua or Henchir Merkeb en-Nabi [1. 430 f.]. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography 1 F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius 2, 1967. AATun 100, sheet 29, no. 87 f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Limes (Ἀμμαίδαρα; Ammaídara). Town in Africa proconsularis [5. 147, n. 756] between  Althiburus and  Theveste (Ptol. 4,3,30), modern Haïdra; for other forms of the name [4. 1841]. Originally, A. was probably a settlement of the  Musulamii [2. 117-121]. Because of its strategically important location, which allowed it to control important communication roads and to cover the southern flank of Africa proconsularis, the   legio III Augusta was relocated to the vicinity of A. dur…

[German version] City in  Numidia, located between the Aurès mountains to the south and the salt lake Garaat al-Tarf to the north, called Ksar Baghai today, originally perhaps a local castellum. There is evidence for a council of decuriones in the year AD 162 (CIL VIII 1, 2275). A diocesan town in 256, it became one of the most important centres of  Donatism in late antiquity [1. 284, 304, 719-723]. For example in the year 394, 310 Donatist bishops assembled in B. (Aug. Epist. Parmeniani 3,4,21; c. Cresconium grammaticum 3f.). B. wa…

[German version] As Emporia in a strict sense are to be understood all the cities of the Syrtis Minor but in a broader sense the cities of the Syrtis Minor and the Byssatis or the Syrtis Minor and the Tripolitania or the Syrtis Minor, the Byssatis and the Tripolitania. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography A. Bresson, P. Rouillard (ed.), L'emporion, 1993 R. Rebuffat, Où étaient les emporia?, in: Semitica 39, 1990, 111-126.

[German version] (Κεφαλαί; Kephalaí). Foothills (literally ‘heads’), marking the western entrance to the Great Syrte, modern Cape Mesrâta or Râs Bou-Chaifa. Str. 17,3,19; Plut. Dion 25,8; Ptol. 4,3,13; Stadiasmus maris magni 92 (GGM I 460). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. K., RE 11, 190.

[German version] [2] Town in the province of Numidia Town in the province of  Numidia, north-east of Lambaesis, modern El Mahder. The small settlement developed into a town and -- probably under the Severan emperors -- became a municipium (CIL VIII 1, 4327). A division of the legio III Augusta was garrisoned there: CIL VIII Suppl. 2, 18532. Inscription: CIL VIII 1, 4322-4353; Suppl. 2, 18527-18539. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AAAlg, sheet 27, no. 141 C. Lepelley, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine 2, 1981, 400f. [German version] [1] Town in Cilicia (Κάσαι; Kásai). Town in  Cilicia …

[German version] (Ζυγρῖται; Zygrîtai). Libyan people to the west of Catabathmus and to the east of the Chattani (Ptol. 4,5,22), approximately in the area of Sidi Barrani (in modern Libya). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography J. Desanges, Catalogue des tribus africaines, 1962, 174  M. Leglay, s. v. Z., RE 10 A, 857.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Africa | | Coloniae | Africa | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni (neo-Punic Wjt). City on the coast of Africa Tripolitania between Sabratha and Leptis Magna, modern Tripoli. Evidence: Mela 1,37; Plin. HN 5,27; 38; Sil. Pun. 3,257; Ptol. Geog. 4,3,12 (Ἐῶα; Eôa); It. Ant. 62,2 ( Ocea colonia); Tab. Peut. 7,3 ( Osa colonia); Stadiasmus maris magni 98f. (GGM 1,463f.). Probably a Phoenician foundation [1. 36, 74]. Colonists from Africa and Sicily participated in the later expansion of the city (Sil. Pun.…