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Muqaddam
(850 words)
The Arabic title
muqaddam (lit. person placed at the head, i.e., appointee) was used in various parts of the Islamic world from the Middle Ages up to early modern times for the designated head of the Jewish community in a city or country. The functions of the office differed with time and place. Originally, it included religious and temporal leadership, but in later times it was exclusively temporal. In the Maghreb, it was often synonymous with the titles nagid,
shaykh al-yahūd, and
qāʾid al-Yahūd. 1. Middle Ages In the documents from the Cairo Geniza, the term
muqaddam is fluid and app…
Duwayk, Avraham Ezra
(16 words)
see Duwayk (Dweck, Dwek, Duek, Douek, Doweck, Dowek) Family Norman A. Stillman
Prostitution
(1,773 words)
Although prostitution has existed in every age, prostitution was apparently a rare phenomenon among the Jews of the Islamic world prior to modern times except in periods of great socioeconomic decline and the breakdown of communal discipline. 1. The Middle Ages References to prostitution are extremely rare in the Cairo Geniza documents and in most medieval sources, and in many cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the reference is to professional prostitution or to licentious behavior, since Heb.
zenut/Ar. z
inā' refer to illicit sex in general. In more than one inst…
Editorial Board
(1,617 words)
Stillman, Norman A. is the Schusterman/Josey Professor of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma, and is an internationally recognized authority on the history and culture of the Islamic world and on Sephardi and Oriental Jewry. Professor Stillman received his BA (magna cum laude) and PhD in Oriental Studies from the University of Pennsylvania and was a post-doctoral fellow at the Jewish Theological Seminary. He is the author of seven books and numerous articles in several languages. His next…
Muḥammad Riḍā('ῑ) “Jadῑd al-Islam”
(14 words)
see Iqāmat al-Shuhūd fῑ Radd al-Yahūd Norman A. Stillman
Ibn Yuli, Elijah ha-Levi
(490 words)
Elijah ha-Levi, born in the late 1730s or early 1740s, belonged to a distinguished Moroccan family of merchants, scholars and court Jews, and he himself was one of the most powerful Jewish retainers (Ar.
aṣḥāb al-sulṭān) of the Alawid sultan Sīdī Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh (r. 1757–1790). His father, Judah, was a prosperous merchant in Rabat-Salé and
shaykh (nagid) of its Jewish community. Like his father, Elijah was one of the so-called sultan's merchants (Ar.
tujjār
al-sulṭān), not only conducting business on the ruler’s behalf, but also acting as an intermediary with foreign consuls…
