Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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Subject: Middle East and Islamic Studies
Edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson with a team of more than 20 section editors.
EI-Three is the third edition of Brill’s Encyclopaedia of Islam which sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live.
The Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam is an entirely new work, with new articles reflecting the great diversity of current scholarship. It is published in five substantial segments each year, both online and in print. The new scope includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in the twentieth century and of Muslim minorities all over the world.
Subscriptions: see Brill.com
EI-Three is the third edition of Brill’s Encyclopaedia of Islam which sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live.
The Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam is an entirely new work, with new articles reflecting the great diversity of current scholarship. It is published in five substantial segments each year, both online and in print. The new scope includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in the twentieth century and of Muslim minorities all over the world.
Subscriptions: see Brill.com
East Africa
(2,721 words)
East Africa is today an important world region of Islam, with a history reaching back to the earliest centuries of the faith. Although data are both unreliable and disputed, the 2014 edition of the CIA World Factbook indicates that Muslims are said to constitute approximately 11.1 percent of the population of Kenya (4.9 millions); 12.1 percent of Uganda (4.2 millions); 35 percent of Tanzania (16.8 millions); 4.6 percent of Rwanda (552,000); 2.5 percent of Burundi (270,000); perhaps ten percent of…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Ebubekir Ratib Efendi
(1,097 words)
Ebubekir Ratib Efendi (Abū Bakr Rātib Efendi, 1163–23 Cemaziyülahir (Jumādā II) 1214/1750–22 November 1799) was an Ottoman statesman born in Kastamonu, in the north central region of present-day Turkey. His father, Ali (ʿAlī) Efendi, was a member of the
ulema (ʿulamāʾ), who liked to travel, and he took his young son with him on a visit to the Crimea. Ali Efendi’s preaching, or perhaps Ebubekir himself, appears to have made an impression on the Crimean ruler, Arslān Girāy Khān (r. 1748–56), who wrote a letter of recommendation for Ebubekir. After his return to Istanbul in 1170/1757, …
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Ebüziyya Mehmed Tevfik
(903 words)
Ebüziyya Mehmed Tevfik (Ebū ’l-Deiubareiodotiyāʾ Meḥmed Tevfīq, 17 Rebiülevvel (Rabīʿ al-Awwal) 1265–18 Safer (Ṣafar) 1331/10 February 1849–27 January 1913), a Turkish journalist, printer, editor, critic, lexicographer, writer, calligrapher, bureaucrat, and politician, was born in Istanbul to a family from Konya. He wrote articles under the pseudonym Ebüziyya, which he adopted during his exile in Rhodes, in 1290/1873, when the Ottoman government prohibited him from working as a journalist. Mehmed Tevfik’s life was shaped by his service in the bureaucracy, his li…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Edebiyat-ı Cedide
(955 words)
Edebiyat-ı Cedide (Edebiyyāt-ı Cedīde, “New Literature”) is one of two names given to a movement in Turkish literature that flourished briefly but intensely in Istanbul in the years 1313–9/1896–1901. The name that became more widely used is that of the journal which, during the years in question, became the organ of the movement,
Servet-i Fünun (
Thervet-i Fünūn, “Wealth of Sciences”). The term
edebiyat-ı cedide had already been in more general use since the 1870s to designate European-inspired Ottoman literature as opposed to works written within the traditional parameters. The doz…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2019-03-21
Edhem Paşa
(666 words)
Edhem Paşa (1260–1327/1844–1909), an Ottoman military officer and statesmen, who bore the title of Gazi (Ghāzī, lit. “victorious soldier of Islam”; an honorific given to successful generals), was born in Istanbul on 27 Receb (Rajab) 1260/12 August 1844. He started his career in the Ottoman army as a
mülazım-ı sani (
mülāzım-ı thānī, second lieutenant) in the regiments of the Imperial Guard (sixth company of the first battalion), in Istanbul, after having graduated from the Mekteb-i Erkan-ı Harbiye-i Şahane (Mekteb-i Erkān-ı Ḥarbiyye-i Şāhāne, Imp…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Edirne
(3,526 words)
Edirne (Byzantine Adrianople; latitude N 41°40′37″, longitude E 26°33′21″) is a city in the Republic of Turkey, on the western border with Greece and Bulgaria, in the region known since ancient times as Thrace. It sits on a hill about seventy-five metres high commanding the plain that stretches eastward some 230 kilometres to Istanbul; to the north, west, and south, there are mountains some thirty to fifty kilometres distant. The Tunca River flows southward around the western edge of the city to…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2019-03-21
Edirne, Treaty of
(674 words)
The
Treaty of Edirne (also known as the Treaty of Adrianople), which ended the Russo-Ottoman War of 1244–5/1828–9, was concluded between the Ottoman Empire and Russia on 15 Rebiülevvel (Rabīʿ I)/14 September 1829. Ottoman-Russian relations had deteriorated in the 1820s, and even the Convention of Akkerman (1242/1826), which resolved all issues of disagreement in Russia’s favour, had failed to relieve the political tension. In the aftermath of the naval disaster at Navarino (1243/1827), the friction erupted into armed conflict (…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Education, early-Ottoman
(1,621 words)
In the
early Ottoman Empire, up until the modernising reforms of the nineteenth century, and with the exception of children’s Qurʾān schools
(mektep, maktab, kuttāb), formal
education for Muslims was essentially male and effectively divided between two distinct vocational expectations. The empire’s system of religious colleges,
medreses (
madrasas), prepared youths for religious careers. Their more secular counterparts, the schools of the imperial palaces
(Enderun-i Hümayun Mektebi, Enderūn-i Humāyūn Mektebi) in Edirne and Istanbul, groomed young men for position…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Education, general (up to 1500)
(10,347 words)
In its
general sense, the word “
education” denotes the act, process, and result of imparting and acquiring knowledge, values, and skills. This expression applies to both early childhood instruction and basic and higher learning that has the goal of providing individuals or groups of people with the intellectual, physical, moral, and spiritual qualities that will help them to grow, develop, and become useful members of the community and society. It also has applications in more purely spiritual or reli…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Education in Muslim Southeast Asia
(2,424 words)
Education in Muslim Southeast Asia has long varied in content, sponsorship, and organisation. Before the nineteenth century, the dominant variety of popular Islamic culture was based on a “mystic synthesis” (Ricklefs,
Islamisation, 7–10), which combined a commitment to Islamic identity and observance of Islam’s five pillars with the veneration of regional guardian spirits of the earth, water, and air. Instead of networks of
madrasa-based scholars, local rulers played the pivotal role in the custodianship and transmission of religious culture. They sponsored…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Education in the Indian subcontinent
(2,678 words)
Islamic
education (the intellectual and cultural formation of an individual)
in the Indian subcontinent has been polymorphous and fluid since its introduction a millenium ago. A major change in the millennia-old educational systems of South Asia coincided with the beginning of Islamic rule in the subcontinent during the fifth/eleventh century. North Indian Islamic dynasties in power over the next eight centuries sought hegemonic political power partly through the production and reproduction of Islamic values…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Education, later Ottoman
(2,091 words)
Prior to the Tanzimat (Tanẓīmāt, 1255–93/1839–76) and
later Ottoman period,
education was under the jurisdiction of the various religious communities whose religious and cultural autonomy was recognized by the authorities. Muslims had two main options for schooling their children: 1)
sıbyan (ṣıbyān) mektebis (elementary schools), which taught reading, memorization of the Qurʾān, and basic religious knowledge, and 2)
medreses (
madrasa, theological school), which trained the
ulema (
ʿulamāʾ, religious scholars). Both types of school were supported by
vakıfs (
waqf, pious fou…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Efendi
(550 words)
The Turkish term
efendi (efendī) derives from the Greek
authentēs (αύθέντης, “to act on one’s own authority”). In Western sources, it is often translated as “lord,” “master,” or “sir.” Placed at the end of a noun phrase (e.g., Mehmed Emin (Meḥmed Emīn) Efendi), it can also be appended to another title (e.g., for men,
bey/beg, paşa; for women,
hanım/khānım), or linked to a position or function (
katib/kātib,
imam/imām). Historically, it was used to address the Ottoman sultan
(padişahımız efendimiz hazretleri/ḥazretleri) and princes, and as a title for members of the religiou…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Eger
(763 words)
Eger (Ott. Eğri, Eğre) is a regionally important town located in the north of present-day Hungary. In 1005–99/1596–87, it was the centre of an Ottoman
vilayet (
vilāyet, province), and both before and after this period, it was the seat of a bishop (after 1804 an archbishop). Eger was founded on the banks of a small river of the same name, at a point where plain and hills meet. The town was damaged during the Mongol invasion in 1241 but restored by Béla IV (r. 1235–70). Its ecclesiastical buildings were partly renovated in Renaissance style at the end of the fifteenth century. When the Ottomans m…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Egypt, art and architecture
(2,876 words)
The Arab conquest of
Egypt in 19/640 introduced to Egyptian
art and architecture a new range of architectural typologies and decorative treatments. At the time of the conquest, extensive monumental remains from the Pharaonic to the late antique periods were preserved in Egypt. Although the formal influence of such buildings on the architecture of the following millennium was slight, the masonry itself provided a seemingly inexhaustible supply of raw materials for new construction. A variety of typologies, such as the courtyard mosque and the
madrasa, were imported to cater to n…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21
Egypt until 1517
(3,469 words)
Occupied by Arab forces in 19/640,
Egypt emerged as a preeminent province in the Islamic empire, ruled by the Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid dynasties. Attaining autonomy under the Turkish governor Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn in 254/868, Egypt became an independent power in the Middle East and North Africa over the next century. Subsequent establishment of a Shīʿī caliphate under the Fāṭimids and a Sunnī sultanate by the Ayyūbids, restructured by the Mamlūks, consistently emphasised agrarian exploitation of the Nile Valley, control over Syria, and domination of Red Sea trade routes,
until the Ottoman occ…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2019-03-21